The Basics of Using Carbon Fiber Laminates

The Basics of Using Carbon Fiber Laminates If using carbon-fiber composites was easy, they would be everywhere. Using carbon fiber takes as much science and mechanical skill as it does art and finesse. The Basics Whether you are working on a hobby project  or trying to trick out your car, first think carefully about why you want to use carbon fiber. Although the composite is versatile, it can be expensive to work with and may not be the right material for the job. Carbon fiber has a lot of benefits. This material is extremely lightweight, incredibly strong, and it has excellent mechanical properties. However, carbon fiber is also trendy, which means people may  use it for the sake of using it. For example, if all you really want is the surface finish of a carbon-fiber weave, then save yourself the trouble and simply apply a carbon-fiber vinyl adhesive film. Carbon fiber is quite expensive compared to similar composites. Carbon Fiber Vinyl Film Carbon fiber vinyl film is available in rolls or sheets. It has the look and texture of actual carbon fiber. However, this adhesive-backed film is as easy to apply as a sticker. Simply cut it to size, peel, and stick. Many  distributors  sell this film, which is dramatically inexpensive compared to actual carbon fiber. The carbon fiber film has great UV resistance and does provide some impact-resistance. Its used in everything from cell phones to sports cars. How to Use Carbon Fiber Its not difficult to learn how to laminate carbon fiber. First, again ask yourself what the purpose the carbon fiber is going to serve. If it is purely for aesthetics, then a single layer of inexpensive carbon fiber will probably do the trick. This layer can cover a thicker laminate of fiberglass. However, if youre planning a structural component or something else that needs to be strong, more robust use of carbon fiber may be warranted. If you are building a snowboard in your garage  or designing an aircraft part using carbon fiber, do some planning before you begin. This can help you avoid manufacturing a part that will fail, and also prevent you from wasting expensive material. Use a composite material software program, many of which are free, to design the specific carbon fiber item you need. The program knows the properties of the carbon fiber and applies this data to the laminate being designed. Consult with a professional engineer when youre designing a critical part or piece, the failure of which could cause harm to yourself or others. Laminating carbon fiber is no different than fiberglass or other reinforcements. Practice learning how to laminate carbon fiber with fiberglass, which is a fraction of the cost. Pick your resin carefully. If it is a part intended for its appearance and free of gel coat, use a high-quality polyester or epoxy resin. Most epoxies and polyester resins will have a yellowish or brownish tint. A clear resin will be your best choice. Any resin used in surfboard manufacturing is usually as clear as water. Youre now prepared to laminate your carbon fiber composite.

Computer Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computer Market - Essay Example Likewise, there are many other determinants of demand for a computer market such as knowledge and price barriers, social influences, lifestyle changes, and competitor and component prices, and so on. The world's second largest personal computer maker, Dell, launched its latest Inspiron 1525 laptop computer that features 15.4-inch HD definition wide aspect display with 720p resolution, a Blue-ray player disc drive and an HDMI port along with the basic features. Dell has been quoted as an example to guide through the learning of the economics of computer pricing. Recent years have seen fall in prices of personal computers even in the face of increasing demand. To study this further, it should be kept in mind that demand and supply control prices in a free market and increase in the supply of a product over demand causes the price of the product to fall. A free market can be defined as a market where the sellers and the buyers of a product are free to determine the price of the product and this is done by the law of demand and supply. Free markets are in contrast to controlled markets where factors determining prices are influenced by external parties. In a free market, however, the demand and supply for a product determines whether the price of the product increases or decreases. ... Determination of equilibrium price and quantity The determination of price depends on the type of market organization the product belongs to. In a competitive market, the point of intersection of market demand and supply curves determines the price that will prevail in the market. As in other competitive markets, the forces of demand and supply determine computer prices. In the diagram, P* is the point of intersection of the demand and supply curves and is called the equilibrium price. "The word 'equilibrium' denotes a state of rest from which there is no tendency to change" (Maddala and Miller, 2004). Price equilibrium occurs where the price that the buyers wish to buy matches the price that the sellers wish to sell at. The point C in the diagram describes a position of equilibrium in the market. When prices are above or below P*, i.e., P1 or P2, the market is said to be in disequilibrium. As can be seen from the diagram, supporting the price above P* creates an excess supply, whereas, fixing the price below that causes excess demand. Therefore, an excess demand would lead to an increase in prices whereas excess supply would lead to decrease in prices. When the demand for computers is high and there is shortage of supply of the same, then the balance of power shifts towards the seller. This is because of the excess demand in the market for good commodities. Conversely when demand both for computers and complimenting products is weak and when there is excess supply of the same available on the market, then the power switches to potential buyers. This is because there is a wide choice of products available and the buyers can afford to negotiate prices

The negative influent that the American media has on the psyche of Essay

The negative influent that the American media has on the psyche of American teenagers in terms of violence amoung teens - Essay Example â€Å"An increasing number of public and private school administrators face situations involving serious violence perpetrated by and against adolescents. School officials are responding by adding violence prevention programs-often a commercially available ‘off-the-shelf’ package-to their schools already overcrowded curricula† (Posner,1998). There are many programs designed to fight the effects of media violence in the US on teens, and in other ways decrease violent behavior. These programs are distinct logarithms enforced by institutional and extra-institutional (sometimes political) interests, and they have not always been seen to be successful. In many cases, these programs are not specifically tailored towards the usually-small percentage of students who have problems with gang violence or are carrying weapons, and instead wind up cultivating student paranoia and negative involvement. Often, students are even profiled by these programs in terms of their style of dress or speech, and this may create a self-fulfilling prophecy in which students are seen to embrace the type of behavior attributed to them by gang violence prevention programs. Looking at media in the US and the relationship to youth violence, it has been stated that, â€Å"violence often results from a complex interaction of environmental, social, and psychological factors such as the learned behavior of responding to conflict with violence, the effects of drugs or alcohol, the presence of weapons, the absence of positive family relationships and adult supervision† (Posner, 1998). Not all of the reasons may be due to the media: many students who do not have positive family relationships and structured time under supervision during their hours away from school may see that by pursuing positive extracurricular activities that accentuate their futures rather than throwing their futures away by indulging in patterns of gang membership

Using SPSS computerized statistical tool Research Paper

Using SPSS computerized statistical tool - Research Paper Example As discussed previously, descriptive statistics is an important concept that helps researchers to summarize large data set and draw meaning from them. Tables, graphs and pie charts have been deemed the best in describing data.From the analysis, it is evident that with regards to highest qualification of the respondents, a greater proportion of respondents had acquired high school education 1003 representing 49.6%, followed by those who were bachelor’s holders 355 representing 17.5% of the sample, the individual with lower high school being 297 representing 14.7% of the sample, those with post graduate came forth with 194 individual contributing to 9.6% of the sample and lastly those who have junior college qualification were 173 representing 8.6% of the sample (Fig. 1). Concerning hours worked in the last week, the number of children and total family income, the descriptive table below summarizes it all. It is evident from the analysis that on average, families had 2children w ith the biggest family having 8 children while the smallest having no child. On average, respondents worked for 42 hours in the last week, having a standard deviation of 14.480.The highest number of hours worked standing at 89 while the shortest being 1 hour. Based on coding adopted, the maximum and minimum total family income are over $150,000 and under $1,000. From the histogram above, the mean age is 77.7 years with a standard deviation of 17.35 years, meaning that majority fell between 30.36 and 65.06 years.

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis

Sen’s Theorem: Overview and Analysis Table of Contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem 3. The Rise of New Interpretation 4. Merits of the New Interpretation 5. Conclusion References 1. Introduction The Sen’s theorem has an important impact on the decision and social choice theory. In the Nobel Prize lecture of 1998, Sen said that discovering the societal decision rules will be the main objective of the choice theory. However, Sen found it is difficult to achieve this objective in his paper of â€Å"Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal† (Sen, 1970a, b, 1976c). Sen’s theorem states that it is impossible to achieve the minimal aspect of liberalism when it is combined with the Pareto condition. According to the theorem of Sen, it seems that there is a fundamental conflict between the Pareto welfare concepts and the liberalism. After this argument, there is a pooling of studies that focus on the individual rights and there are also studies that find new interpretation for the theorem of Sen. According to Saari and his collaborators, the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. This essay will mainly explain how this interpretation arises and discuss its merits relative to the original interpretation offered by Sen. The essay will be structured as follow: in the second session, the essay will briefly introduce the Sen’s Theorem regarding to the conflicting results between Pareto Optimal and Liberalism. Examples will also be used to better illustrate the choice decisions. In the third session, the essay will how and why there will be new interpretations of the theorem of Sen. Particularly, the essay will base its argument on the research results of Saari and his collaborators. In the fourth session, the essay will discuss the merits of the new interpretation compared with the interpretation by Sen himself. In the last session, a brief conclusion will be made based on the analysis in the previous se ssion. 2. A Review of Sen’s Theorem The Sens impossibility of a paretian libertarian theorem or Sens paradox Paratian liberal states that weak Pareto criterion and liberalism may have conflicts on the fundamental level, which indicated that the Pareto criterion is flawed. On one hand, it shows that the Pareto criteria only consider aspects of difference in efficiency among relevant states while ignoring the individual utility conflicts arising because of these states. On the other hand, the theorem also shows the in addition to considering some reasonable internal conditions, one also needs to consider issues such as liberalism for social order decision making. According to Sen, there are some choices that are purely of personal nature, such as the state (x) means everything else in the society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping supine, state (y) means everything else in society as ÃŽ ©, when A is sleeping prostrate. If A has a preference of y than x, while many others in the society prefer the opposite, then it can be consid ered that social choice between x and y is a purely personal thing, because A is the only a real person that is related to the choice while other people are just nosy person. It can also be considered that one can choose one such a collective choice rule where As preference should be accurately reflected by social preferences in this purely personal nature choices (Sen, 1970). Based on this point, Sen emphasizes that people should pay attention to the study of individual rights and other issues affecting the social choice order and decision making. The new welfare economics and welfare economics research before the new welfare economics are consciously or unconsciously avoid these problems. Sen (1970) found that the Pareto criterion is incompatible with liberalism. Pareto optimality is used by the economists and other social scientists to measure the efficiency of society, which is also the the most common and widespread, even the only indicator. It refers to such a state that we are good as it gets, no one can make an additional welfare without compromising the welfare of others. And the principles of individual freedom are the relentless pursuit of mankind, both of which are on the intuition that people can fully accept and understand. However, Sens theorem shows that these two attractive standards are contradictory and cannot be simultaneously true. 3. The Rise of New Interpretation There are three assumptions that Sen’s theorem is based on and the realistic of these assumptions will be one reason why there will be new interpretations for the Sen’s theorem. First, the essay will briefly introduce the assumptions related to the Sen’s theorem. An unrestricted area principle; The Pareto principle; The minimum principles of liberalism (ML), which states society should give at least two people the right to choose between at least a pair of social status. If one thinks that A better than B, then society should not interfere and should agree with the preference. With Sens words, if you want sleeping supine and did not want to sleep prostrate, the society should agree with it. However, Sen also prove that for two or more people in the society, there exist no social choice functions that simultaneously satisfy these above three conditions because there will be the similar results of cyclical Condorcet voting paradox revealed by Arrow Impossibility Theorem when Pareto optimal is in combination with a minimum principle of liberalism. Sen’s theorem on freedom of the Pareto impossibility can be accurately described as: there does not exist the collective decision rule that meets the following conditions. The first condition is a sort of rational conditions. The sort is reflexive, relevance, and the preference relation is not circulating. Reflexive means for any choice x has xRx, which indicates that any choice is at least as good as its own. Relevance means for any two options, there must be xRy or yRx or both. The second condition is weak Pareto criterion. For any choice of x and y, if everyone i think xPiy, then the society also thinks that xPy. The third condition is the minimal liberalism. In this condition, there are two non-empty, disjoint subsets L1 and L2, two different options for the (a, b) and (c, d), if everyone in L1 considers a is better than b, then the society also thinks that a is better than b; if everyone in L1 thinks that b is better than a, then b is also better than a for the society. Similarly, if everyone in L2 believes that c is better than d, then the society also thinks that c is better than d; if everyone in L2 thinks d is better than c, then the society t hinks also that d is better than c. The two groups were decisive on the choice between the two groups. Anyone is free to do what he likes to do, which means there are some choices that are entirely personal, personal preferences should not be affected by some other people. How to walk out of Sens paradox? Mueller has proposed two solutions in the â€Å"public choice theory . One is to let the Pareto principle in some cases to comply with the right to liberalism. The other is through Pareto transactions. As Mueller noted, the matrix is similar to game theory, for example a state in the famous prisoners dilemma, and the Pareto inferior results are due to the independent exercise of each person in his own right, regardless of the damage to others such externalities. The results of Sen’s theorem are established mainly through examples. There are no rigorous proofs on the results why there will be inconsistency of minimal liberalism and Pareto conditions. The results are basically based on the assumption that there are conflicts between the Pareto Conditions and the Minimal Liberalism. There are questions keep asking whether the assumption is true and what if the cyclic societal rankings are not due to these conditions? In fact, in 1998 and 2001, Saari argues that the real reason of the seminal result of Sen’s theorem is not related to the nature of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. The reason is that Pareto conditions and Minimal Liberalism needs the societal rankings to be made over pairs, which dismiss the transitivity of individual preferences. Therefore, it is not the conflicts between societal need and individual rights that undermine the assumption of individual rationality; it is the concentration of pairs that leads to the ignorance of individual rationality. And Saari also made geometric proof on this argument, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. 4. Merits of the New Interpretation There are several advantages of the new interpretation compared to the one that Sen present in the original version. First of all, the theorem carried out by Saari and his collaborates are proved using geometric proof, instead of using only examples and assumptions to derive the final results. In addition, the new interpretation can explain all the examples used by Sen in his prior papers and the new interpretation also supports Sen’s own interpretation that the three conditions in Sen’s theorem force the decisions to be made by ignoring the individual rationality. The new interpretation also thinks that the decision rule also wants to meet the demand in the cyclic preference (Saari 2001; Saari and Petron, 2004). Secondly, the geometric proof of the new interpretations has identified all possible profiles that support any examples of Sen’s model. In addition, Saari and his collaborates have also significantly expanded on earlier observations by providing a new statistical interpretation for Sen’s Theorem. And they also conclude that the cyclic decision outcomes established by Sens theorem describe a transitional, dysfunctional state of society. Thirdly, the new interpretation has pointed a new direction for the movements of individual rights. Compared with the interpretation by Sen, the new interpretation focus more on the intensity minimal liberalism, which will leads to social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes and at the same time satisfy weak Pareto conditions. They pointed out the deeper reason of the ignorance of individual rationality instead of concluding that the reason is because of the inconsistency of the Pareto condition and the Minimal Liberalism. 5. Conclusion As discussed in the previous session, the Sen’s theorem provides a good direction for the research of individual rights. And there are many researchers working on the topic to find new interpretation for the seminal results of Sen’s theory. Saari and his collaborates find that Minimal Liberalism makes some of the information in the society irrelevant. However, depending on that information, individual preferences may or may not be transitive. Therefore, they conclude that Minimal Liberalism makes transitivity information irrelevant and this happens for any possible example of Sen’s cycles. They find a way to solve this problem and the response to this is to modify Minimal Liberalism in a way that is sensitive to transitivity information. They use the Intensity Minimal Liberalism (IML), which is a decisive that agent can impose his preferences only when the choice does not create a strong negative externality for some other agent. And they finally find that there are social decision procedures without cyclic outcomes that satisfy weak Pareto and IML, which provides a new interpretation for the Sen’s theorem. The new interpretation finds a more appropriate way to proof Sen’s theorem and expends Sen’s theorem in several aspects. References Li, I. and D.G. Saari 2008. ‘Sen’s theorem: geometric proof, new interpretations’, Social Choice and Welfare 31: 393-413. Focus especially on pages 393-401. Petron, A and D.G. Saari 2006. `Negative externalities and Sens liberalism theorem, Economic Theory 28: 265-281. Read Sections 1 to 4. Saari, D. G. (1995). Basic Geometry of Voting, Springer-Verlag, New York Saari, D. G. (1998). Connecting and resolving Sen’s and Arrow’s Theorems, Social Choice Welfare 15, 239-261 Saari, D. G. (2001). Decisions and Elections; Explaining the Unexpected, Cambridge University Press, New York Saari, D. G., and Petron, A. (2004). (April), Negative Externalities and Sen’s Liberalism Theorem, IMBS working papers, University of California, Irvine, to appear in Economic Theory,June, 2006. Saari, D. G. and Sieberg, K. (2001). The sum of the parts can violate the whole, American Political Science Review 95, 415-433. Salles, M. (1997). On Modelling Individual Rights: Some Conceptual Issues: Discussion; p 129-133 in Social Choice Re-examined, Vol. 2; Ed. by K. J. Arrow, A. K. Sen, and K. Suzumura,St Martin’s Press New York. Sen, A. K. (1966). A Possibility Theorem on Majority Decisions, Econometrica, 34(2), 491-09. Sen, A. K. (1970a). Collective Choice and Social Welfare, Holden-Day, San Francisco. Sen, A. K. (1970b). The Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal, The journal of Political Economy, 78(1), 152-57. Sen, A. K. (1976). Liberty, Unanimity and Rights, Economica 43(171), 217-45. Sen, A. K., Liberty and Social Choice, Journal of Philosophy, 80(1), 5-28. Sen, A. K. (1992) Minimal Liberty, Economica, 59 (234), 139-60. Sen, A. K. (1999) The possibility of social choice. The American Economic Review 89 (3), 349-378

The Turkish Pogrom of 1955 and the Elimination of the Greek Minority of

With an official statement, issued on 7 September 1955, the Menderes government expressed its deepest sorrow for the losses suffered by Greek minority in Istanbul. The Turkish Prime Minister blamed the riots on communists, underlining its commitment to the exemplary punishment of the perpetrators (Xristidis 2000). The interpretation of the pogrom as a conspiracy of international communism was repeated during the extraordinary meeting of the Grand National Assembly, which took place on September 12, 1955. However, under the force of circumstances, Adnan Menderes admitted that the government knew about the demonstration on September 6th, in advance. Also, the Turkish Prime Minister argued that, the riot was a spontaneous expression of national sentiment of the Turkish people who was stimulated by the news about the imminent massacre of Turkish Cypriots on 28 August. Moreover, he stated that the hysteria that gripped the crowd was so strong that immobilized the police forces, which foun d themselves between their quest to restore order and their commitment to the homeland, thus leaving full freedom of movement to the protesters. The claim of the Turkish government that the country suffered a severe blow because of the Communists was met with scepticism by foreign observers (Guven 2006). First of all, the number of Communists in Turkey was small and secondly, their activities were under the watchful eyes of the Turkish Intelligence Services (MIT). It seems that, only a small percentage of people who were arrested immediately after the episodes were communists. The arrest of those who had communist beliefs, such as the well-known Turkish writer Aziz Nessin, was totally unjustified, since there was no evidence for their participation i... ...itly the Christian Orthodox and Jews, which were the largest minority groups from Turkey. In addition, according to nationalist elites, these minorities were assimilable thus, were not capable of becoming part of the Turkish nation. Also, they stated that, the Non-Muslim minorities, mainly the Greek, were not composed of loyal citizens but possible traitors to the Turkish state (Guven 2006). Adnan Menderes believed that was national and extremely important responsibility of every Turk to implement the Turkification, in an attempt to establish an independent Turkish state. A corollary of this concept was the effort of assimilation of the Greek minority by force, exercising a policy of discrimination and restrictions against it. In this context, the language, culture and desires of Non-Muslim minorities had to be connected with the history and dignity of Turks.

Peer-reviewed journal articles Essay

Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to familiarize you with peer-reviewed journal articles published in psychological journals. By completing this assignment, you will learn how psychologists conduct research and communicate their findings. You will also learn how to critique psychological research. This assignment is worth a possible 50 points. The scoring rubric for this assignment is on the last page of this document. Directions (Part I): This is a two-part assignment and in this first part of the assignment, you are to review, and analyze the Stanley Milgram article provided by your professor. The complete citation for this article is: Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol 67(4), 371-378. Doi: 10.1037/h0040525 General Information: A peer-reviewed journal article has the following major sections: Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, References, Table and Figures. The abstract for th is article is a summary statement that highlights the information in the Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections of this research article. Before you can begin writing your critique assignment, you will need to read and understand the Stanley Milgram article. Here are your guidelines for writing your critique assignment: This paper should be three pages in length, including your cover page. Please note your instructor will schedule a mandatory library class session for your class. Use the American Psychological Association’s (APA) Style Manual (6th edition), create a page that includes: Running head Page number Title of Article Your name Class Professor’s name Hint: use â€Å"Word† to set-up/format your paper for APA style writing Write an introduction for your paper that includes the following: Who conducted the study? Why they conducted the study? Who were the subjects? What did the researchers hope to learn from their findings? What research methods were used? What were there results? Write a two paragraph critique that includes: The research methods used and findings How the study relates to the Psychology 1010 course, and What impact the research findings have had on you as a student in this course? Assignment Schedule Library Session either in class or online Learn how to access databases Learn about which journals are applicable to your major area Complete the PGCC’s Library Plagiarism and APA tutorials Take quiz In class or online small group activities Identify components of the Milgram Study – See Critique Assignment I Write your 1st draft and share it with your assigned peer-reviewer Re-write your 2nd draft and submit to your instructor for feedback Submit your final paper to your instructor for a grade SCORING RUBRIC FOR CRITIQUE I ASSIGNMENT Grading Criteria- Please see the rubric below. This assignment is worth a possible 50 points. CRITERIA A B C D F Analysis of the Components of a Research Article (i.e., problem statement, hypotheses, methodology, results and discussion) and a Critique of the importance of the article for the discipline and the general public 15 points Presents a thorough analysis of all components of a research article ( i.e., statement of the problem, hypotheses, methodology, results, discussion, and a critical analysis of the importance of the research for the discipline and the general public (14-15 points) Presents a thorough analysis of three components of a research article and includes a critical analysis of the importance of the research for the discipline and the general public (12-13 points) Presents an analysis of two of the components of a research  article and omits critical components of the research article and the critical analysis (10-11 points) Presents analysis of at least one component the research article and identifies at least one component of the critical analysis (i.e. states the importance of the study for the discipline and or the general public (8-9 points) No attempts are made to present an analysis of the components of the research article or to a critically analyze the importance of the study identified (0 points) Peer-reviewed Journal Article is integrated in the critique assignment 15 points Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is used to write the critique assignment; the research article is data-driven and fully integrated in the critique assignment (14-15 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is data-drive and integrated in the critique assignment (12-13 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is only mentioned in body of essay and not fully integrated into the critique assignment (10-11 points) Psychology peer-reviewed journal article is only mentioned in reference list (8-9 points) No psychology peer-reviewed journal is used (0 points) General Writing Skills (i.e., syntax and mechanics) 10 points Uses college level writing that skillfully communicates meaning to readers with clarity and fluency, and is error-free (9-10 points) Uses college level writing that generally conveys meaning to readers. The writing has 1 – 3 errors (8 points) Uses college level writing that generally conveys meaning to readers with clarity, although writing has 4 – 6 errors (7 points) Does not use college level writing consistently throughout the assignment and this sometimes impedes the meaning of the text because of 7-10 errors in usage and spelling (6 points) Do not use college level writing and is generally unresponsive to the task(s) because of errors in usage and spelling (0 points) APA Format 10 points Demonstrates detailed attention to and successful execution of psychological writing task including organization, content, presentation, formatting and stylistic choices ( 9-10 points) Demonstrates consistent use of important conventions particular to psychological writing task including organization, content, presentation, and stylistic choices (8 points) Follows expectations appropriate to psychological l writing task for basic organization, content and presentation (7 points ) Attempts to use a consistent system for basic organization and presentation (6 points ) No attempt to use a basic format for organization or presentation